An introduction to Ipilimumab (Yervoy®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Ipilimumab (Yervoy®) is a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) immune checkpoint inhibitor. It is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CTLA-4 and inhibits the interaction between CTLA-4 and its ligands CD80/CD86. It blocks T cell inhibitory signals induced by the CTLA-4 pathway, thereby increasing the number of active effector T cells. These T cells will...

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An introduction to Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) may be expressed on tumor cells and/or tumor-infiltrating immune cells. It promotes the suppression of antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. PD-L1 binds to the PD-1 and B7.1 receptors on T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The activity, proliferation and cytokine production of cytotoxic T cells are thereby inhibited....

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An introduction to Avelumab (Bavencio®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Avelumab (Bavencio®): It is a Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor that was first approved by the FDA in 2017. Programmed Death Ligand 1 is expressed on tumor cells and immune cells infiltrating tumors. It suppresses anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment. PD-1 and B7.1 receptors on T cells and antigen-presenting cells bind to PD-L1. They inhibit...

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An introduction to Durvalumab (Imfinzi®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

1. Durvalumab (Imfinzi®): It is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Durvalumab is a human immunoglobulin G1κ (IgG1κ) monoclonal antibody. It is produced by using recombinant DNA technology in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which cultured in suspension. The expression of PD-L1 may be induced by inflammatory signals (such...

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What are the functions of various B vitamins?🔢🔢🔢

There are many kinds of vitamin B, such as vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12. They all work in different ways and can relieve many different symptoms. They will be introduced one by one below.1. Vitamin B1：Alcoholics should supplement in appropriate amounts.Vitamin B1 is also called thiamine. Long-term alcohol consumption can cause vitamin B1 deficiency. Beriberi is another...

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What are the characteristics of pregabalin?📄📄📄

Pregabalin is a drug used to treat neuropathic pain. Clinically, it is widely used to treat post-herpetic neuralgia, neuralgia caused by diabetic neuropathy, etc.What are the clinical indications for pregabalin?Pregabalin is clinically approved for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, fibromyalgia, neuralgia associated with spinal cord injury, partial seizures...

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What is the difference between azivudine, monogravir and nematvir/ritonavir?💫💫💫

Azivudine, monogravir and nematvir/ritonavir are all clinical drugs used to treat the new coronavirus. What's the difference between them? What is the anti-coronavirus mechanism?The new coronavirus is composed of RNA and protein. The raw material for RNA synthesis is cytosine nucleoside. Azivudine and monogravir are cytosine nucleoside analogs. They will synthesize poor...

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What is the difference between acetaminophen and ibuprofen?👀👀👀

Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are very commonly used antipyretic and analgesic drugs in clinical practice. However, their chemical structure, intensity of action and adverse reactions will differ. Will there be any difference in clinical use?Difference in effectiveness of acetaminophen and ibuprofen.The analgesic and antipyretic effect of ibuprofen is slightly stronger than...

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When should lipid-lowering drugs be taken?⌚⌚⌚

Dyslipidemia generally refers to elevated levels of cholesterol and/or triglycerides (TG) in the blood. It is also called hyperlipidemia. At the same time, it also includes various dyslipidemias including low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The main clinical lipid-lowering drugs currently include cholesterol absorption inhibitors, HMG-CoA inhibitors (statins),...

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Basic knowledge about febuxostat.📃📃📃

Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. It inhibits the production of uric acid. While allopurinol can only inhibit the reduced form of xanthine oxidase, febuxostat can inhibit both the reduced and oxidized forms of xanthine oxidase. Therefore, febuxostat's ability to lower uric acid is faster and stronger. 80% of blood uric acid is synthesized in the body, and only...

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What is the difference between allopurinol, benzbromarone and febuxostat?💫💫💫

Hyperuricemia is a very common metabolic disease today. It not only causes kidney stones, chronic kidney disease and gout in patients, but may also cause diabetes and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Allopurinol, benzbromarone and febuxostat are the most commonly used urate-lowering drugs in clinical practice. What is the difference between the three of them?How...

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