An introduction to Nivolumab (Opdivo®) and its common usage and dosage.(Part 1)👀👀👀

Nivolumab (Opdivo®) is a monoclonal antibody. It binds to the PD-1 receptor, thereby blocking the interaction of the PD-1 receptor with PD-L1 and PD-L2. Immunosuppressive responses mediated by the PD-1 pathway will be blocked (such as tumor immune responses). Nivolumab can be used to treat a variety of malignant tumors in adults. Nivolumab is commonly used in the form...

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An introduction to Ipilimumab (Yervoy®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Ipilimumab (Yervoy®) is a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) immune checkpoint inhibitor. It is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CTLA-4 and inhibits the interaction between CTLA-4 and its ligands CD80/CD86. It blocks T cell inhibitory signals induced by the CTLA-4 pathway, thereby increasing the number of active effector T cells. These T cells will...

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An introduction to Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) may be expressed on tumor cells and/or tumor-infiltrating immune cells. It promotes the suppression of antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. PD-L1 binds to the PD-1 and B7.1 receptors on T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The activity, proliferation and cytokine production of cytotoxic T cells are thereby inhibited....

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An introduction to Avelumab (Bavencio®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Avelumab (Bavencio®): It is a Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor that was first approved by the FDA in 2017. Programmed Death Ligand 1 is expressed on tumor cells and immune cells infiltrating tumors. It suppresses anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment. PD-1 and B7.1 receptors on T cells and antigen-presenting cells bind to PD-L1. They inhibit...

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An introduction to Durvalumab (Imfinzi®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

1. Durvalumab (Imfinzi®): It is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Durvalumab is a human immunoglobulin G1κ (IgG1κ) monoclonal antibody. It is produced by using recombinant DNA technology in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which cultured in suspension. The expression of PD-L1 may be induced by inflammatory signals (such...

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What are the functions of various B vitamins?🔢🔢🔢

There are many kinds of vitamin B, such as vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12. They all work in different ways and can relieve many different symptoms. They will be introduced one by one below.1. Vitamin B1：Alcoholics should supplement in appropriate amounts.Vitamin B1 is also called thiamine. Long-term alcohol consumption can cause vitamin B1 deficiency. Beriberi is another...

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What are the characteristics of pregabalin?📄📄📄

Pregabalin is a drug used to treat neuropathic pain. Clinically, it is widely used to treat post-herpetic neuralgia, neuralgia caused by diabetic neuropathy, etc.What are the clinical indications for pregabalin?Pregabalin is clinically approved for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, fibromyalgia, neuralgia associated with spinal cord injury, partial seizures...

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