An introduction to Nivolumab (Opdivo®) and its common usage and dosage.(Part 1)👀👀👀

Nivolumab (Opdivo®) is a monoclonal antibody. It binds to the PD-1 receptor, thereby blocking the interaction of the PD-1 receptor with PD-L1 and PD-L2. Immunosuppressive responses mediated by the PD-1 pathway will be blocked (such as tumor immune responses). Nivolumab can be used to treat a variety of malignant tumors in adults. Nivolumab is commonly used in the form...

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An introduction to Ipilimumab (Yervoy®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Ipilimumab (Yervoy®) is a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) immune checkpoint inhibitor. It is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CTLA-4 and inhibits the interaction between CTLA-4 and its ligands CD80/CD86. It blocks T cell inhibitory signals induced by the CTLA-4 pathway, thereby increasing the number of active effector T cells. These T cells will...

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An introduction to Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) may be expressed on tumor cells and/or tumor-infiltrating immune cells. It promotes the suppression of antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. PD-L1 binds to the PD-1 and B7.1 receptors on T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The activity, proliferation and cytokine production of cytotoxic T cells are thereby inhibited....

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An introduction to Avelumab (Bavencio®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

Avelumab (Bavencio®): It is a Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor that was first approved by the FDA in 2017. Programmed Death Ligand 1 is expressed on tumor cells and immune cells infiltrating tumors. It suppresses anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment. PD-1 and B7.1 receptors on T cells and antigen-presenting cells bind to PD-L1. They inhibit...

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An introduction to Durvalumab (Imfinzi®) and its common usage and dosage.👀👀👀

1. Durvalumab (Imfinzi®): It is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Durvalumab is a human immunoglobulin G1κ (IgG1κ) monoclonal antibody. It is produced by using recombinant DNA technology in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which cultured in suspension. The expression of PD-L1 may be induced by inflammatory signals (such...

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What is methotrexate?😵😵😵

Methotrexate is a drug that can be used to treat both cancer and non-cancer. It prevents cell division and the production of new cells. It can be used to prevent rejection in patients following bone marrow or stem cell transplants. It is also used to treat psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.What are the indications and doses of methotrexate?Methotrexate is a metabolic inhibitor...

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Repeated damage to cells can cause cancer, so do muscle cells?💪💪💪

Chronic injury and inflammation are major risk factors for cancer. Carcinogenic factors such as eating hot food, drinking hot tea, smoking, and air pollution are all due to their repeated damage to human tissues. But why does repeated tissue damage lead to cancer? Although the mechanism of this carcinogenesis is complex, one of the more easily understood reasons is that...

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